INTRODUCTION TO FIBER OPTICS

Fiber in the telephone network

• Introduction to Fiber Optics
• Introduction to Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) and Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
• Some useful charts

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

The Path to SONET

• The path to SONET
• Quantizing

Voice compression standards and digitization

• Digitization of voice
• Voice compression standards

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

• Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
• DS-1 frame

Two-stage multiplexing

• Two-stage multiplexing
• T1/T3 multiplexer (M13)

SYNCHRONOUS OPTICAL NETWORK (SONET)

Why SONET?

• Why SONET?
• Asynchronous fiber system
• Synchronous optical network
• One level of multiplexing
• SONET multiplexing chart

SONET fundamentals

• Ability to add new services
• STS-1 frame

SONET section, line and path

• SONET section, line and path

SONET layers, overhead and operations

• SONET layers
• SONET overhead and operations

SONET overhead bytes

• SONET OAM&P

STS-1 path overhead (POH) and bytes

• STS-1 path overhead (POH)
• POH bytes, B3 interleave and parity

STS-1 line overhead (LOH)

• STS-1 line overhead (LOH)
• H1/H2 pointers
• Line overhead (LOH) bytes
• SPE Timing Justifications

 STS-1 Section Overhead (SOH)

• STS-1 Section Overhead (SOH)

SONET Failure Conditions

• Overview of OAM&P

SONET alarm indicators and management

• SONET alarm indicators and signals
• SONET management information

SONET ARCHITECTURES

SONET equipment

• SONET ring
• SONET regenerator
• SONET add/drop multiplexer
• Other SONET equipment

SONET Multiplexing

• Two-stage interleaving
• Single-stage interleaving
• STS-3 frame

Concatenation

• Concatenation
• STS-3c frame

Transporting and virtual tributaries

• Transporting
• Virtual tributary

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

• Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)

SONET network architectures

• SONET network architectures
• Point to point system with ADM
• From ADM point to point to ring
• Standards-based survival rings
• Automatic protection switching (APS)

Two fiber and four fiber OC-48

• Four fiber OC-48 ring
• Two fiber OC-48 ring

Multiple ring network and other architectures

• Multiple ring network and other architectures

FIBER BASICS

Fiber basics

• Fiber basics and uses
• Fiber transmission characteristics
• Fiber system components Fiber optic transmitter
• Principle of transmission in fiber

Transmission in fiber

• Transmission in fiber

Fiber optic light sources

• Fiber optic light sources
• LEDs and other laser diodes
• Semiconductor lasers

Detection devices and systems

• Detection devices and systems
• Photodiode detection systems and semiconductors

FIBER TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIES

Fiber types

• Fiber types
• Multimode fiber
• Singlemode fiber

Fiber applications and construction

• Fiber applications
• Fiber cable construction

Preform

• Manufacturing preform

Fiber cable testing and measurement

• Fiber cable testing and measurement
• Optical and geometric testing
• Environmental and mechanical testing

FIBER CABLING ISSUES

Cabling and cable types

• Cabling and physical issues
• Cable types

Splicing and connectors

• Fiber connectors
• Splicing

FIBER TRANSMISSION ISSUES

Fiber transmission issues

• Dispersion

Polarization mode dispersion

• Polarization mode dispersion

Attenuation

• Attenuation

Test equipment

• Test equipment
• Use of OTDRs
• Optical spectrum analyzer

FIBRE NETWORK PLANNING

Power and bandwidth budget

• Power budget
• Bandwidth budget

DENSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (DWDM)

Dense wave division multiplexing

• DWDM introduction

DWDM major components

• DWDM major components

Optical amplifiers

• Optical amplifiers

Optical multiplexers

• Optical multiplexers - dielectric
• Optical multiplexers – planar waveguides
• Optical multiplexers – fiber based components

Modulators and Bragg gratings

• Mach Zender modulator and Bragg gratings

Wavelength add/drop

• Wavelength add/drop

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) fiber types

• DWDM fiber types

DWDM non-linear effects

• DWDM issues and four wave mixing (FWM)
• Self phase modulation (SPM) and Cross phase modulation (CPM)
• Stimulated scattering and amplified spontaneous emissions

THE OPTICAL NETWORK

Optical networking overview

• Optical networking
• Path in lambda

DWDM optical rings

• DWDM optical rings
• DWDM Wavelength leasing, metro network, and future

NETWORK PROTOCOLS ON FIBER

Network protocols over fiber

• Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
  Packet over SONET
• IP on POS, gigabit Ethernet and multiple DWDM protocols

EXISTING OPTICAL NETWORKS

Current optical networks

• Current optical networks
   

INTRODUCTION TO ATM

ATM Applications

• The definition of ATM and its Attributes
• History and Challenges
• The ATM Forum
• Industry Standards
• New Applications
• Backbone Networks

Case Studies

• Case study Information
• vBNS
• CANARIE Canada and CA*net

ATM Technology

• Elements of ATM Technology
• Synchronous vs. Asynchronous Transfer Mode
• Asynchronous/Synchronous Multiplexing
• Fast Packet Switching
• Evolution to Cell Relay

Introduction to ATM cells

• ATM Cells
• ATM Cell size

Overview of the ATM Protocol Model and the ATM Interfaces

• ATM Protocol Model
• ATM Protocol Layer Functions
• Positioning of the 53 Octet Cell
• End-to-End Communications using ATM
• ATM Forum Interfaces

INTRODUCTION TO THE ATM
LAYER AND THE ATM CELL
HEADER

ATM Components

• ATM Layer 2 Functions
• ATM Virtual Connections
• ATM Cell Header

ATM Cell Header: VPI and VCI fields

• VPI and VCI fields
• Virtual Channel Connections and Virtual Path Connections
• VPI and VCI Switching
• Permanent and Switched VCs
• SMART PVCs

Other Fields in the ATM Cell Header

• GFC and Sharing of the UNI
• PTI Field and PTI Cell Coding
• CLP Field
• HEC Field and Receiver Status
• Synopsis of the ATM Layer

Class of Service

• The Tradeoff
• Traffic Characteristics
• Classes of Service
• Service Categories
• Traffic Descriptors and QoS
• Applications and Service Categories
• Traffic Contracts, QoS and Traffic Management

THE AAL LAYER

The ATM Adaptation Layer

• ATM Adaptation Layer
• AAL Sublayers

ATM Adaptation Layer 1

• AAL1 User Plane
• SAR-PDU Header
• AAL1 Cell Grouping
• CES Interworking Function

AAL1 continued – A Brief T1 Review

• Extended Superframe
• Unstructured T1
• Structured T1
• ESF CAS
• A,B,C,D CAS
• E and M CAS Signalling Status

CES Operations and Formats

• CES InterWorking Function
• Structured CES
• Unstructured CES Operation
• P Format and Non-P Format Cells
• Unstructured CES in Non-Pointer format AAL1 SAR-PDUs
• Structured CES DS-1 P Format Cells
• Structured Data Transfer Example
• Partial Cell Fill

CES IWF and Clocking

• IWF for Unstructured DS-1 or DS-3
• IWF for Structured DS-1
• IWF Crossconnect and Sharing Example
• Structured N X 64 DS-1 Clocking
• Clock Recovery Methods

ATM Adaptation Layer 2

• AAL2 Protocol Architecture
• AAL2 Reference Model
• Example of AAL2 Operation
• Channels within an ATM VCC
• Access Trunking to PSTN App
• PBX-PBX Trunking Application
• User Benefites of AAL2

ATM Adaptation Layer 5 and Synopsis of AAL services

• The AAL 5 User Plane
• AAL5 for Q.2931 SSCOP – Control Plane
• AAL5 Parameter Negotiation
• Synopsis of the ATM Adaptation Layers
• AALs, Service Categories and Applications

PHYSICAL LAYERS

ATM Physical Components

• The Physical Layer
• The Transmission Convergence Sublayer
• ATM Physical Interfaces

ATM Physical Media

• Optic Fiber
• SONET
• STS-1 Frame
• STS-3c Format
• ATM DS3 and the DSI Interface
• ATM Switch DS3 Ports
• Private Physical Layer Interfaces
• ATM Forum Specifications

ATM ADDRESSING

ATM End - System Addressing

• Addressing Plan
• AESA Formats
• AESA NSAP Structure

DCC – ATM Format

• DCC – Registration Authority
• DCC – US ANSI Registration
• DCC – Canadian Registration
• DCC – AA_ORG_II Holder Examples
  International Code Designator
• ICD - Registration Authority
• ICD – IOTA
• ICD_ORG_ID Holder Examples

Other AESA Formats

• E164 Formats
• E164 Addressing Structure
• X121 AESA Formats
• X.121 Addressing in Frame Relay
• Local AESA Format

Other ATM Addressing Issues

• Interworking
• ATM Name System – ANS
• Group Addressing
• ATM Well-Known Group Addresses

ILMI

• ILMI and NSAP Addresses
• ILMI Address Registration Process
• Call Set-up Using NSAP Addresses
   

SIGNALLING

Signalling Standards

• Signalling on the UNI and PNNI
• AINI Signalling between Netwroks
• ITU – T Signalling

UNI Q.2931 Packet Structure

• UNI Signalling AAL – SAAL
• Protocol Discrimminator
• Call Reference
• Message Type Field and Types
• Call Setup and Information Elements
• UNI Signalling 4.0 Capabilities
• Example of a Call Establishment

PRIVATE NETWORK NODE
INTERFACE

PNNI Functions/Features

• PNNI - AINI
• PNNI Architectural Model
• Features of PNNI

Peer Groups

• Peer Group Addressing
• Peer Group Routing
• Hello Protocol
• Peer Groups Hierarchy/Logical Links
• Reachable Universe
• Summarization and Advertising
• Address Scope
• Topology State Information
• Database Synchronization

PNNI QoS Routing/Signalling

• PNNI QoS Routing/Signalling
• Call Admission Control
• Designated Transit Links
• Crankback
• Point-to-Mulitpoint

PNNI Configuration

• PNNI Configuration Needs
• PNNI Configuration Steps

ATM MANAGEMENT

ATM Management Structure

• ATM Layer Management
• ATM Layer OAM Functions
• ATM Layer OAM F4 Cell Flow
• OAM F4 and F5 Flow Cell Coding

ATM Management Operation

• VP/VC Service at the UNI
• ATM Forum Network Management Model

FRAME BASED INTERFACES

Frame Based Interfaces

• Protocol Support
• Frame Based Interfaces
• DXI – Data eXchange Interface
• FUNI – Frame Based UNI
• FUNI Header

Frame Relay

• FRUNI Frame Relay over ATM
• ATM Backbone
• Network Interworking Function
• Network IWF Scenario 1
• Network IWF Scenario 2
• Multiplexing DLCIs
• ATM Frame Relay Interworking

LAN EMULATION (LANE)

LAN Emulation

• LAN Emulation
• Emulated LANs (ELANs)
• LAN and LANE Protocols
• LANE Headers

LAN Architecture and Operation

• LEC and LUNI
• LANE Architecture
• Contacting the LECS
• Contacting the LES
• Contacting the BUS
• LEC Operations
• LANE Components
• Distributed LANE
• LUNI and LNNI Protocols
• LANE v2 QoS
• LANE v2 Features

LAYER 3 PROTOCOLS OVER ATM

Classical Internet Protocol over ATM

• CLIP to ATM Address Resolution
• Logical IP Subnetwork
• CLIP Operation over ATM
• Multiprotocol Encapsulation over AAL5
• IP MTU over AAL5
• Classical IP Standards

Multi-Protocol Over ATM

• Multi-Protocol Over ATM
• MPOA Components
• Router MPS
• MPOA Defaults/Paths/Shortcuts
• NHS and NHRP